Disinfection Alternatives for Safe Drinking Water
by Edward A. Bryant, George P. Fulton, and George C. Budd
1992, hardcover, 6 x 9 in., 518 pages, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 0-47129068-8

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Overview of contents

For various disinfection methods, the book covers, as applicable,  the chemistry of the disinfectant, how it disinfects, its byproducts, potential health risks associated with it, and its nondisinfection uses (e.g., removal of iron, color, odor). The focus is on water treatment plants; distribution systems in buildings are covered in lesser detail. The book contains more scientific background than a nonspecialist would want, but may still be handy for a building operator or hospital infection control practitioner who wants to review information on a disinfection method proposed by an engineering firm—to be aware, for example, of any potential health risks associated with the method.

The authors take you through detailed descriptions of each of the common and uncommon disinfection or disinfection-related techniques: chlorine, chloramination, chlorine dioxide, ozonation, ultraviolet radiation systems, membrane filtration, air stripping, and activated carbon absorption.

Comprehensive and enhanced with helpful tables, this book explores: 

• concerns about the formation of disinfection by-products of health concern during the disinfection process

• the use of ozone as an alternative disinfectant

• the use of activated carbon to remove by-products and their precursors

• the use of ultraviolet processes, and membrane processes as a new technology

• renewed interest in chloramination for secondary disinfection

• the maximum practical use of chlorine dioxide within prescribed limitations

Fully discussed are improving the design and operation of existing filtration plants, as well as new design concepts. The authors detail how to arrive at effective, low-cost water treatment plant designs that satisfy regulations and meet varying conditions of treatment needs. Emphasis is placed on flexibility of design and options for the future, so that plants can be updated further as regulations change. The book also features Summary Tables which can be used to quickly initiate a design study once the disinfection process is grasped.
 

Table of Contents

Preface

Acknowledgments

1. Introduction

Trends in Disinfection Practice
Disinfection and Byproduct Formation
New Regulatory Approach
Other Benefits of Disinfecting Agents
Biological Stability
Disinfection Byproduct Strategies
Disinfection Facility Design and Improvement Programs
References
 

2. Disinfection

Role of Disinfection
Chemical Properties of Disinfectants
Mechanisms of Disinfection
Disinfection Kinetics
Effect of Particulate Removal Processes
Primary Disinfection
Secondary Disinfection
Future Trends in Disinfection
References
 

3. Identifying and Characterizing Effects of Disinfection Byproducts

Evolution of the Disinfection Byproduct Issue
General Chemical Reaction Characteristics of Chemicals
Precursors and Formation of Disinfection Byproducts
Types of Health Effects
Methods for Evaluating Health Effects
Byproducts
Analyses for Byproducts
Surrogate Measurements of Disinfection Byproduct Characteristics
Observed Health-Related Characteristics of Specific Disinfection Byproducts
Future Considerations for Disinfection Byproducts
References
 

4. Free Chlorine

History of Chlorine Use
Chemical Forms of Free Chlorine
Commercial Forms of Chlorine
Chemistry of Chlorine
Free Chlorine Disinfection and Byproduct Formation
Nondisinfection Uses of Chlorine
Gaseous Chlorine Systems
Hypochlorite Systems
Chlorine Dispersion and Contacting
Chlorine Monitoring and Control
Chlorine Leak Control
Typical Plant Requirements
References
 

5. Chloramination

History of Chloramination
Chloramine Reactivity
Commercial Chemicals to Form Chloramines
Chemistry of Chloramination
Chloramine Disinfection
Chloramine Byproduct Formation
Nondisinfection Uses of Chloramines
Basic Chloramine Formation Conditions
Ammonia Handling and Feeding
References
 

6. Chlorine Dioxide

History of the Use of Chlorine Dioxide
Commercial Chemicals Used to Form Chlorine Dioxide
Chemistry of Chlorine Dioxide
Disinfection Byproduct Formation
Disinfection
Nondisinfection Uses of Chlorine Dioxide
Alternative Methods for Applying Chlorine Dioxide
Generation of Chlorine Dioxide Equipment and Piping
Typical Plant Requirements
References
 

7. Ozonation

Chemistry of Ozone
Disinfection with Ozone
Byproducts of Ozonation
Nondisinfection Uses of Ozonation
Alternative Ozone Application Points
Ozone System Design Considerations
Typical Plant Requirements
References
 

8. Potassium Permanganate

Introduction
Properties of Potassium Permanganate
Nondisinfection Uses of Potassium Permanganate in Drinking Water Treatment
Bacterial Disinfection Capability
Viral Disinfection
Treatment of Fish Pond Water
Typical Waterworks Experiences
Typical Plant Arrangements
References
 

9. Specialized Treatment Methods

Introduction
Disinfection by Ultraviolet Radiation
Membrane Processes
Air Stripping
References
 

10. Activated Carbon

Treatment Mechanisms of Activated Carbon
Manufacture
Activated Carbon Selection Criteria
Breakthrough Curve Relationships for GAC
GAC for Control of Disinfection Byproducts
Design Considerations
Regeneration/Reactivation
GAC Facilities Planning
Role of Activated Carbon for Control of Disinfection
Byproducts
References
 

11.  Relationship between Disinfection and Baseline Water Treatment Processes

Introduction
Particulate Removal Processes
Chemical Coagulation
Coagulation Phenomena in Lime Softening
Powdered Activated Carbon as Supplement to Coagulation for Removing Organic Constituents
Effect of Coagulation Modifications for Organic Removal on Water Treatment Residuals
Evaluation of Coagulation
Rapid Rate Filtration Mechanisms
Pathogen-Control Considerations
Slow Sand Filtration
Precoat Filtration
Miscellaneous Particulate Removal Processes
Modification of Baseline Treatment Systems for Biodegradation
Comparison of Baseline Water Treatment Processes
References
 

12. Improving Performance of Existing Baseline Facilities

Significant SWTR Features
Rapid Rate Filtration
Cold Lime Softening
Slow Sand Filtration
Precoat Filtration
General Approach for Upgrading Performance of Baseline Processes
References
 

13. Evaluating and Planning Disinfection Systems

General Evaluation and Planning Concepts
Basic Alternatives
Components of a Disinfection Evaluation Program
Initial Testing
Supplemental Testing and Evaluation
Long-Term Planning for Disinfection
References

Index
 

About the authors

Edward A. Bryant, P.E., is a Consultant to Hazen and Sawyer Engineers, P.C. He has been involved in the process design of over 20 water treatment plants with a total capacity of nearly 1 billion gallons per day of water. His experience includes pilot plant studies, demonstration plant designs, disinfection facilities, process selection, and plant start-ups.

George P. Fulton, P.E., is Director of Special Projects at Hazen and Sawyer, P.C. He has nearly 50 years of experience in new designs and upgrading of water treatment facilities for chemical/industrial applications as well as for drinking water. His experience also includes plant operations and the development of new and patented processes.

George C. Budd, Ph.D., P.E., an Associate with Hazen and Sawyer, has served in the areas of senior project manager, quality assurance, process specialist, design engineer, construction management, and start-ups. His experience includes conventional water treatment design, as well as technologies applicable to forthcoming regulations.